Table 1 |
|
|
Summary of assessments for ankle injury |
|
| Testes |
Descriptions (Sensitivity and specificity included if data is available) |
|
|
|
| Lynam [94] |
An examination to assess acute foot and ankle sprain at emergency room. |
| Harmon [95] |
A systematic approach that consists of five steps to avoid missing potentially serious injuries. |
| Ottawa ankle rules [97] |
Rules to decide whether patients with acute ankle injury need X-ray or radiography. 100% sensitivity and 40% specificity for detection of malleolus fractures. |
| Radiography [100,101,107] |
Stress radiography was performed with manual maximum force in inversion. The talar tilt was measured as the angle between the horizontal skeletal joint surfaces of the talus and the tibia. |
| Anterior drawer test [40,102] |
Assesses the stability of the ATFL by cupping the heel in one hand and pulling it forward while stabilizing the tibia with other hand. |
| Talar tilt test [102] |
Both ATFL and CFL were accessed, while ankle is inverted and the laxity was compared with that of the uninjured side. |
| Eversion stress test [103] |
Heel was gently grasped with one hand, and the tibia with the other hand. A varus and then a valgus tilt stress were applied to the heel. |
| External rotation test [50] |
Knee and ankle at 90 degree and a force with external rotation is applied to the midfoot area. Test is positive with pain. |
| Magnetic resonance imaging [99,104] |
5-point grading system using noninvasive, high-resolution MRI to evaluate the articular cartilage of the talar dome. Sensitivity is 39% and Specificity is 50% for diagnose ankle-ligamentous injury. |
| Arthography [105] |
After passive manipulation of the foot for 2 min, radiographs were obtained in 20 degrees internal rotation, anteroposterior projection, 40 degrees external rotation, lateral projection, and a soft tissue view just caudal to the lateral malleolus. Sensitivity is 100%. |
| Sonography [106] |
Patient lay on the side of unaffected leg with the knee joint flexed to 90 degrees, while the affected leg was only slightly flexed. Sensitivity is 92% and specificity is 83%. |
| 3D computed tomography [107] |
3D CT images were obtained with a multidirector CT scanner. The patient was placed in supine position with the neutral position of bilateral ankle joint. Accuracy to diagnose ATFL tears is 94.4%. |
Fong et al. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2009 1:14 doi:10.1186/1758-2555-1-14 |
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