Table 2

Foot rotation angle, walking speed and FM measures in each of the three foot rotation conditions.

Foot rotation condition

Variable

Internal^§

Normal

External^£

Foot Rotation Angle (degrees)^†

-9.1 ± 7.9

18.5 ± 8.15

40.2 ± 8.7

Walking Speed (ms^-1)

1.08 ± 0.16

1.10 ± 0.12

1.12 ± 0.15

Un-normalized Peak FM (Nm)*

3.9 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.4

8.8 ± 6.4

PFM (dimensionless, × 10^-3)

3.2 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 4.1^‡

OPFM (% stance)

69 ± 3

70 ± 9

77 ± 9

IMP (× 10^-2)

7.5 ± 2.7

5.8 ± 3.2

11.0 ± 4.1^‡

PFM = normalized peak free moment, OPFM = occurrence of peak free moment, IMP = relative net impulse. All values presented as mean ± 1 SD.

* Un-normalized peak FM presented for the sake of comparison with results of other investigations.

† All foot rotation angles significantly different than each other (p < 0.016)

‡ Significantly different than normal walking condition (p < 0.05)

§ Effect size values for Norm vs. INT: PFM = 0.31, OPFM = -0.14, IMP = 0.39.

£ Effect size values for Norm vs. Ext: PFM = 0.88, OPFM = 0.51, IMP = 0.92.

Almosnino et al. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2009 1:19   doi:10.1186/1758-2555-1-19